Wednesday, March 26, 2014

Response to an apologist for Rome

Below is my response to the latest response to me by Scott Eric Alt, the author the article “The Protestant’s Dilemma by Devin Rose: A Review,” (http://scottericalt.com/the-protestants-dilemma/0/) which in turn was to my previous posts there, which began when his review was the subject of a thread on Free Republic, which i responded to there.

A link to that was not allowed (would not post) on Scott's blog, so i wrote refutations to him there. Mine last response was quite extensive, and his comment policy (which i had not read) is supposed to be restricted to 500 words or less, yet this was in response to an approx. 7,000 letter response to me. However, after posting his response he allowed no more responses to the thread, then deleted our entire exchange. Perhaps one can respond now (i will tell him of this post), but missing is our exchange.

And in which exchange, among other things,

► The RC Scott had expressly affirmed that “being the historical instrument and steward of Scripture means one is the infallible authority on that, with dissent from that authority being rebellion against God.” And thus it settles what the meaning of Scripture is, not human reasoning, and thus this is the basis for Roman Catholic assurance of Truth.

And thus he effectively invalidated the church, as that began in dissent from those who were the historical instruments and stewards of Scripture, and inheritors of divine promises of God's presence and preservation., and who sat in the seat of Moses. (Lv. 10:11; Dt. 4:31; 17:8-13; Num. 23:19,23; Is. 41:10, Ps. 89:33,34; Mal. 3:6; Rm. 3:2; 9:4; Mt.23:2). But which NT church established its claims, as its Lord did, upon Scriptural substantiation in word and in power (Mt. 22:23-45; Lk. 24:27,44; Jn. 5:36,39; Acts 2:14-35; 4:33; 5:12; 15:6-21;17:2,11; 18:28; 28:23; Rm. 15:19; 2Cor. 12:12, etc.) - not on the premise of a perpetual assuredly infallible magisterium, regardless of Rome defining herself as having such.

► Despite his basis for basis for assurance of Truth being Rome, he asserted it was Mt. 16:16, and has tried to argue Scripture as if he were an evangelical. But which cannot be that basis, else the argument against private interpretation and the need for the infallible magisterium must be abandoned, although he himself employs it, and affirms the magisterium cannot be wrong.

He then resorted to immature goading when I would not play his game of him trying to sound like an evangelical in using Scripture for support, as while this certainly has been deal with and i go on to do so, I first wanted to bring him to deal with the real issue of his assurance, that being the premise of the assured infallibility/veracity of his church. For since he admits “Catholics are bound by the Magisterium,” thus regardless of what Scripture says, it cannot contradict Rome.

► Coming to his last response dealt with here, in being consistent with Rome being his assurance, he affirmed (“exactly”) that “if one rejects a Bap­tist preach­ing Acts 10:36 – 43 then that soul is not reject­ing Christ.” Which, if correctly understood as rejecting the message Peter preached in Acts if coming from the mouth of a Baptist, effectively means that this message is not be considered the Word of God unless it comes from one having holy orders from Rome (which adulterate that message) — even if he had the Holy Spirit which Rome affirms most Protestants have. And thus it would follow that one who does accept the message has not accepted Christ and is not saved.

► He also expressed that only the external (Roman) infallible authority could determine which books belong in Scripture, thus providing for assurance of Truth, but which means no one could know that any books were of God before there was a church of Rome.

► And in his zeal to support ancient RC amorphous tradition, he also has labeled what Scripture actually teaches — the Law being given through the instrumentality of angels — as being tradition that “is not to be found in the Old Testament”!

So seeing as he would not allow any response at all to his own post, and then deleted the entire public exchange, I have decided to post a response here.

The words from my past response are marked by a bullet (•)  while those from Scott that follow are in bracketed red italics, followed by my present responses. This blog is not always faithful to keep that same formatting as i had when i wrote it on my word processor, but any difference is not substantial.  However, it is a lot to digest, but should be read in its entirety before any response is made.

[I am allow­ing this heav­ily edited com­ment to be posted, with my own responses in red. Because the orig­i­nal com­ment was way too long, I cut a lot of chaff..]

It became long as i sought to better respond to all you said, but it was not “chaff” that you cut out, but much wheat that seems hard for you to stomach. More on this when we get to your response chronologically.

• Say­ing that this is a text of Scrip­ture (which you did not say was an infal­li­ble inter­pre­ta­tion) would ren­der you to be an evan­gel­i­cal. [Really? To say that Matt. 16:18 is in the Bible is a Protes­tant posi­tion? Catholics deny that Matt. 16:18 is a text of scrip­ture? That’s news to me.]

Once again, as before, you are misrepresenting what i said and then supposedly correcting what i did not argue! Here your editing out “chaff” means what precedes and proceeds it, which was,

you were supposed to be answering “What is the basis for your assurance that Rome is the One True Church? Or what is the means by which assurance of Truth is obtained?”

To which you said: “The assurance is Matt. 16:18...”

Thus i said, “Saying it is a text of Scripture as that basis [for assurance] would render you to be an evangelical,”

I asked what your basis is for assurance of Rome being the One True Church®, which cannot be Scripture, and until we deal with what is, then arguing about Scripture texts is basically irrelevant as your understanding of Scripture is based on a foundational premise.

[I think what you are try­ing to say here is that I don’t inter­pret Scrip­ture as much as I blindly fol­low what Rome says. That’s avoid­ing the issue.]

Avoid­ing the issue? THAT was the issue, as the answer to my question cannot be that Scripture is the RC basis for assurance, as you hold the magisterium settles whose interpretation of it is right, and acting as if Scripture is your actual basis for interpretation and then refusing to deal with that problem, is “avoid­ing the issue.”

[At any rate, all you’re doing, with this long quib­bling about whose inter­pre­ta­tion is involved here, is engag­ing in avoid­ance. I’m sorry, but my read­ers are smart enough to see through that.]

Quib­bling about whose inter­pre­ta­tion is involved is a tangent, when only the magisterium can determine which books even belong in the Bible, and what they mean, is your basis for interpretation?

Many who have debated RCs are smart enough to realize that it does not matter what manner of Scriptural substantiation is lacking for RC teaching or is against it, as actual Scriptural substantiation is not the basis for the veracity of RC teaching. For once again, as Keating said in dealing with the lack of any actual proof, “The mere fact that the Church teaches the doc­trine of the Assump­tion as def­i­nitely true is a guar­an­tee that it is true.” All that is required is that RC teaching does not contradict Scripture, but Rome is the autocratic judge of that as the only one who authoritatively decides what a contradiction is!

Nor will appealing to your RC support committee change this indictment, while by God's grace many evangelical read­ers are wise enough to see through Rome's circularity. (And trying to argue out this death spiral by appealing to Scripture as a “merely historical document” still results in question-begging assertions that presume Rome is infallible, and logic that works against her being so).
[I know that Protes­tants insert the word “alone” into Romans 3:28; ; per­haps they also remove the word “Church” from Matt. 16:18.]

Which once again is a example of argumentation that come back to bite you, since as James Swan (whose research on Luther's quotes is the The Place to go to in researching such) provides,

The Roman Catholic writer Joseph Fitzmyer verified Luther’s claim, and also presented quite an extensive list of those previous to Luther doing likewise. Even some Catholic versions of the New Testament also translated Romans 3:28 as did Luther. The Nuremberg Bible (1483), “allein durch den glauben” and the Italian Bibles of Geneva (1476) and of Venice (1538) say “per sola fede.” It is entirely possible Luther’s understanding of “faith alone” differs from those before him, but that is not the issue.

Moreover, by “Protes­tants” you mean “Luther,” whom we hardly follow as a pope, for he was far more Catholic than we would allow. However, both he and other Reformers clearly taught the faith that is salvific is a faith that effects works of faith.

[What you are really doing, in fact, is reject­ing ad hoc the idea that epis­te­mo­log­i­cal cer­tainty can come from the Church. “Objec­tive exam­i­na­tion of the evi­dence” is your stan­dard, but the prob­lem is that it makes your ulti­mate stan­dard your­self. You decide what is “objec­tive”; you decide what counts as “evi­dence.”]

Wrong: i am not reject­ing the idea that epis­te­mo­log­i­cal nor no cer­tainty at all can come from the Church, and even atheists can (possibly) correctly teach history, but what is rejected as being unScriptural is that cer­tainty comes from the Church on the premise of assured veracity/infallibility. Under which, Scripture, tradition and history can only mean what Rome says. As no less an authority as Manning affirmed,

It was the charge of the Reformers that the Catholic doctrines were not primitive, and their pretension was to revert to antiquity. But the appeal to antiquity is both a treason and a heresy. It is a treason because it rejects the Divine voice of the Church at this hour, and a heresy because it denies that voice to be Divine... I may say in strict truth that the Church has no antiquity. It rests upon its own supernatural and perpetual consciousness. Its past is present with it, for both are one to a mind which is immutable. Primitive and modern are predicates, not of truth, but of ourselves. Most Rev. Dr. Henry Edward Cardinal Manning, Lord Archbishop of Westminster, The Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost: Or Reason and Revelation (New York: J.P. Kenedy & Sons, originally written 1865, reprinted with no date), pp. 227-228.

As for condemning objec­tive exam­i­na­tion of the evi­dence as making the individual the ultimate stan­dard your­self, your judgment is superficial. For ulti­mately both evangelicals and Catholics first decide what that ultimate supreme stan­dard is (it being the basis by which a convert is said to come to Rome), and both engage in interpretation of it, but that does not make mean they are the ulti­mate, much less infallible, stan­dard for truth.

Souls themselves decided to believe on Christ, even in dissent from the magisterium, but in so doing they give assent to Christ being the supreme authority. Writings came to be held by a consensus as being from of God based upon warrant, and it alone is wholly inspired of God, thus infallible, and is the assured word of Christ, thus the supreme standard. Those who hold it as such can have debate about some its meaning, but Scripture remains the standard for Truth, and with assurance of doctrine being based on Scriptural substantiation from it. In contrast, RC converts judge Rome as the supreme infallible standard, with Truth being whatever she infallibly declares, even if the arguments for it are not, and the veracity of such is not based on the level of Scriptural substantiation.

Thus contrary to Scripture, Roman Catholics assurance of the Truth is not Scripture, and in fact Rome hindered Biblical literacy for a long time, and today her liberal theology Bible commentary militates against its authority. Instead assurance is based upon the premise of the assured veracity of Rome, which she infallibly declares she possesses.

Yet to reiterate a foundational truth that was expressed before, while Rome claims to uniquely, infallibly determine both which writings and men are of God, and their meaning, based upon her claim to being the historical instrument and steward of God, yet both writings and men of God were established as being so before there was a church in Rome. And the NT church itself did not begin under the Roman model for determining Truth, but upon Scriptural substantiation.

Thus the basis for the establishment of the NT church began contrary to the basis of assurance for a RC, for whom Rome takes the place of Scripture.

[But when chal­lenged on the evi­dence from the Bible, all you are capa­ble of say­ing is, “Well, that’s just what Rome says.” That’s not logic; that’s ad hoc rejec­tion of any inter­pre­ta­tion or evi­dence that does not match what you have already decided to believe.]

That is simply both false on both accounts, as it is you who from the outset asserted a false basis for your assurance, that being Scripture (Mt. 16:18) and was called on it, but instead of dealing with the problem you attacked me for not playing into your sidetracking argument, as if Scriptural substantiation was your basis for assurance.

And which you attempt to continue to do here, with your spitball about me “only being capa­ble of” nonsense, when the problem of “that’s just what Rome says” is the issue it seems you are avoiding.

I could have easily shown you (if i had freedom more space, as here), as i have others, that that truth that Christ of Peter's confession — and thus Christ Himself by implication, is what the “this rock” refers to, with a distinction being made between “thou art” — the person of Peter who just answered Christ — and upon “this rock” — that being His answer.

This is the only interpretation that is actually confirmed, as it must be, in the rest of the New Testament. For in contrast to Peter, that the LORD Jesus is the Rock (“petra”) or "stone" (“lithos,” and which denotes a large rock in Mk. 16:4) upon which the church is built is one of the most abundantly confirmed doctrines in the Bible (petra: Rm. 9:33; 1Cor. 10:4; 1Pet. 2:8; cf. Lk. 6:48; 1Cor. 3:11; lithos: Mat. 21:42; Mk.12:10-11; Lk. 20:17-18; Act. 4:11; Rm. 9:33; Eph. 2:20; cf. Dt. 32:4, Is. 28:16) including by Peter himself. (1Pt. 2:4-8) Rome's current catechism attempts to have Peter himself as the rock as well, but also affirms: “On the rock of this faith confessed by St Peter, Christ build his Church,” (pt. 1, sec. 2, cp. 2, para. 424) which understanding some of the ancients concur with.

Yet even if this refers to Peter, it simply does not teach or require a perpetuated Petrine infallible papacy, nor does any other text, despite RC extrapolative attempts to force Scripture to support their tradition. More on this further on.

Moreover and even more important, the fact is that under the Roman model you affirmed, in which historical stewardship of Scripture means infallible indisputable authority, an itinerant preacher who was rejected by those who sat in the seat of Moses would have to be rejected by the faithful. His disciples could argue Scripture with you, but you would have to side with your leaders, and their interpretations such as which they use today to reject the Lord Christ. (And the manner of liberal scholarship seen in Rome actually provides a slippery slope to that end.)
• But while a con­sen­sus on core truths has been real­ized thereby, this does not pre­clude vari­ant inter­pre­ta­tions, and Rome her­self is much open to inter­pre­ta­tions, and has lim­ited unity, even on paper. [We’re going down a rab­bit trail here.]

No rabbit trail, as it is in response to your statement, if all you can do is retreat to "just an interpretation," eventually that leads to the conclusion that truth can not be known assertion.

I am actually expressing the RC argumentation in order to show you that your claim that Mt. 16:18 is the basis for your assurance is bogus, as they are the ones who argue we cannot even known what books belong in Scripture or what it truly means except by Rome's infallible magisterium. As if souls in the time of Christ could no have any assurance of Truth until the church of Rome declared it.

The codependency mother Rome fosters is so inculcated that it is hard for RCs to conceive of any other means of assurance.

• But since once one becomes a RC then they are only to attempt to sup­port what Rome teaches in apolo­get­ics [I don’t know what’s shock­ing about this; Evan­gel­i­cals claim to be bound by the Bible because it’s infal­li­ble. Catholics claim to be bound by the Mag­is­terium because it is also infal­li­ble. So? The bur­den of proof is on you to show why the Mag­is­terium is not infal­li­ble, not just to say “Oh, Catholics are bound by the Magisterium!” — a fact that we kind of, you know, admit],

Because RCs kind of, you know, rarely admit they are in such bondage, as they typically, if not engaging in mere argument by assertions, want to appear to argue as if Scriptural substantiation was the basis for their assurance. But when their often egregious extrapolative attempts to provide proof is exposed for what it is, then they say how reproof is invalid because it is a result of fallible human reasoning. So after a while you want to deal with their fall back argument and actual default position first.

As for the bur­den of proof being on me to show why the Mag­is­terium is not infal­li­ble, since i showed that the church did not begin on the premise of an assuredly infallible magisterium, nor was one necessary for both writings and men of God to be recognized and established as such, and that being the historical steward of Scripture did not mean such was infallible — unless you think the Scribes and Pharisees were — then the the bur­den of proof is on you to show the Mag­is­terium must be infallible and Rome is. Not that I have not dealt with such, by God's grace.

which they have great lib­erty in doing from Scrip­ture, and are dis­cour­aged from objec­tively exam­in­ing evi­dence in order to ascer­tain the verac­ity of RC doc­trine [That is sim­ply not true],

That is simply a denial of the substantiated church-sanctioned statements and writers i provided, to which more can be added.

• then the issue is your basis for assur­ance of Truth. [Well, I gave my basis ear­lier in the thread: Scrip­ture. I cited Matt. 16:18, John 16:13, and 1 Tim­o­thy 3:15. I am still wait­ing for you to explain why my read­ing of Scrip­ture is false. Instead of doing that, all you do is fuss that I’m just blindly fol­low­ing the Mag­is­terium.]

Listen. You gave me a false basis for assurance of Truth, which you refuse to face. That was my point in the statement you truncated to mean something else. You affirm scripture is interpretive, and you just affirmed that you are bound by the magisterium as it is infallible, thus its interpretation, or declaration of truth, is your basis for assurance. Thus whatever texts you invoke can only support Rome under the premise of her assured infallibility, which is why i asked the questions on that to begin with, and invalidated the stewardship premise you affirmed.

Moreover, I have refuted Catholic arguments from Scripture for years, by God's grace, and likewise can certainly show, as many times before, that Matt. 16:18, John 16:13, and 1 Tim­o­thy 3:15 does not establish the assuredly infallible magisterium of Rome.
But you admit RCs are bound by the Mag­is­terium because it is believed to be infal­li­ble, thus getting you to face that the basis for what drives your interpretation is invalid, the premise of the assured infallibility of Rome based on historical stewardship, should come first.

The more you avoid that by attempting to argue Scripture, which actually would have been to your detriment anyway, then the more you evidence avoidance or blindness.

[An athe­ist would say that you are just blindly fol­low­ing the Bible. Where does that get us? Nowhere but rhetoric.

Then i would need to deal with my foundational basis for holding Scripture as the supreme standard for Truth. But if I argue for this as being based on interpretive evidences when in reality a fundamental premise drives my interpretation, then he atheist who knows this will attack the fundamental premise first. And which can be employed against him as well.

An atheist can argue against the existence of God based on things which are interpretive, but if they are driven by a foundation premise such as that matter and energy require no creator, and or religions are all the same and show belief in God is detrimental or superfluous, then i should dealt with these.

Likewise your position that no can know which book belong in the Bible without a perpetual assuredly infallible magisterium, that being Rome, and that being the historical steward of Scripture mean such is that infallible magisterium.
And which drives the RC interpretation of Scripture, as at least that is the most common response i find from RCs when debating Scripture, like as, “The Catholic Church gave you the Bible, therefore it knows what it means better than anyone.” It gets quite redundant. Thus rather than use time and space to disprove “proof texts” i showed the fallacy of the premise behind Rome being infallible in the first place.

• Why argue Scrip­ture when it can­not be allowed to con­tra­dict Rome? [This is another attempt to avoid the bur­den of exe­ge­sis.]

This is another attempt to avoid what drives your interpretation.

[The real answer to that ques­tion is, first, that Christ upheld the author­ity of those who sat in Moses’s seat (Matt. 23:2), and that it was not that the apos­tles rebelled against the Jew­ish lead­ers so much as superceded them through Christ. It was by Christ’s author­ity that the Jew­ish mag­is­terium gave way to the Catholic mag­is­terium, not by the author­ity of mere men.]

Finally an attempt to face this elephant. And your response is what must be expected — and fails to support Rome. For if you want to make Rome the successor to the Jewish magisterium, then it follows that since the historical instruments and stewards of Scripture were not assured infallible, nor was one necessary for both writings and men of God to be established as being so, and for assurance that Jesus was the Christ, then neither is Rome.

Moreover, while you may argue that the Lord provided a better magisterium, yet since the Lord Christ established His claims upon Scriptural substantiation, not on the premise that the stewards of Scripture were the infallible interpreters of it, then the church He established cannot operate under a premise that she is assured infallible and thus “the mere fact that the Church teaches something as definitely true is a guarantee that it is true.”

• Again, why would I argue this since it can only mean to you what sup­ports Rome? [That is not an answer to the ques­tion; it is a refusal to answer the ques­tion.]

Rather and again, this is a refusal to play your game of playing evangelical, as if Scripture warrant was really the basis for assurance of Truth, in order to to avoid the issue of the presumed assured veracity Rome being that. It is a fine craft, as it subtly works to persuade souls to submit to Rome as the supreme authority by specious use of Scripture as if that was supreme, but resulting in doctrinally making Scripture simply a servant to support Rome, often like window dressing, or in order to appeal to evangelicals. The devil even quotes Scripture as authority.

[Con­grat­u­la­tions, you dis­cov­ered exe­ge­sis, although this par­tic­u­lar attempt to nuance 1 Tim­o­thy 3:15 is not new. The prob­lem with using it to refute the Catholic claim is that Catholi­cism does not say that the Church is the source of truth, which you sug­gest. The source of truth is the Holy Spirit, who reveals and entrusts it to the Church.]

RCs do often argue as if it were, but while the church as the body of Christ is an instrumental channel of truth, 1Tim. 3:15 does not make it superior in authority to it, nor that this is the church of Rome with its critical and obvious contrasts, to the NT church.

The Bible was not originally penned by the magisterium proper or a committee (unless you believe the liberal scholarship of Rome), but Scripture was written by individual writers and accepted as such before it was affirmed by the magisterium as being of God, and in fact some of it was written by those in dissent from the magisterium. Thus Israel and the body of Christ gave us Scripture, and recognized it such, with the magisterium affirming the general judgment of it, but which neither made such writings Scripture nor the magisterium the author of it, nor its canonical judgment infallible.

Like as the redeemed came to recognize John and the Christ as being of God due to their qualities and attestation, and before a magisterium did so, thus a consensus on the Scriptures also progressively came to be established among those who evidenced the fruits of feeding on it, and which has continued to establish these 66 books.


• The Scrip­tures are the supreme author­ity on Truth [Actu­ally, the Holy Spirit is, and when Christ said that the Holy Spirit would lead the Church into truth, he did not say “Go and write Scrip­ture” but “Go and teach” (Matt. 28:19)]

Yes — as if i must be technical every time i say supreme author­ity on Truth. I have been technical before in defining this supreme author­ity as the “transcendent material source which he uniquely stated ...[was] wholly inspired of God.” And as that is the only transcendent material source that is affirmed to be wholly God-breathed, then that is the assured word of God, thus knowing what the Holy Spirit says, and supreme standard for truth claims and whether a church is of God — or not. Which church is not one that presumes to infallibly declare she is and will be perpetually infallible.

As for not saying, “Go and write Scrip­ture” but “Go and teach,” this is another specious RC argument as in “God sent a church, not a Bible,” which is a false dichotomy, like saying God sent Paul to preach, not to be baptize, (1Cor. 1:17) in order to minimize baptism as required obedience (in overreaction to those who make the act regenerative). And which argument is used in order to render Scripture subject to the Church (Rome) as the supreme infallible authority, and thus whatever she channels into doctrine from oral tradition as binding.

Which is akin to Judaism in God speaking by Moses means not simply what he wrote but the oral traditions they pass on, and therewith reject Christ as there Messiah. Jews today, like as in the NT, who do come to Christ do so in dissent from them, holding Scripture as supreme. Likewise those who come to Christ from Catholicism, or the relative few who do within it.

The Catholic argument here is as if “Go and teach” did not have its basis in what was written, and as if what they revealed as being the word of God/the Lord would not be written as in prior revelation (search the phrase).

And as if it was superfluous that the Lord established His claims upon Scriptural substantiation as did the apostles and early church (Mt. 22:23-45; Lk. 24:27,44; Jn. 5:36,39; Acts 2:14-35; 4:33; 5:12; 15:6-21;17:2,11; 18:28; 28:23; Rm. 15:19; 2Cor. 12:12, etc.) And “expounded unto them [disciples] in all the scriptures the things concerning himself”, “which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms,” thus “opened He their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures.” (Lk. 24:27, 44,45)

And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three sabbath days reasoned with them out of the scriptures. (Acts 17:2) These were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were so. (Acts 17:11) For he mightily convinced the Jews, and that publickly, shewing by the scriptures that Jesus was Christ. (Acts 18:28) And...he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, persuading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Moses, and out of the prophets, from morning till evening. (Acts 28:23)

In the light of what “Go and speak” meant, which only further evidenced Scripture as being the transcendent standard for obedience and testing and establishing truth claims, what kind of argument is “Christ did not say 'Go and write Scrip­ture' but 'Go and teach?' The latter was based on the former and led to more of it!

You can argue that oral preaching was as authoritative as Scripture, and then translate that into supporting Rome's tradition, but the authority of preaching depended upon Scripture as being the assured word of God, and by which it was validated as by the noble Berean's, (Acts 17:11) with supernatural attestation such as Scripture reveals being given to Divine revelation also helping. (Jn. 5:36,39)

In addition, Rome cannot claim to speak under the Divine inspiration which breathed Scripture, and the oral tradition Paul enjoined obedience to was known Scriptural truths that they had heard and could be written, not ancient tales such as the assumption, which even lacks testimony from the earliest sources. Rome cannot prove that one of its oral traditions was from the apostles. Meanwhile evangelical preachers also enjoin obedience to “preaching the word,” which the whole church engaged in. (Acts 8:4)

See at end for a brief overview of how Scripture came to be the transcendent standard for obedience and testing and establishing truth claims, as is abundantly evidenced.
and by which it is man­i­fest that Rome has led mul­ti­tudes into error. [It is so “man­i­fest” that [• • you give no exam­ples.]

You cut out most of what i posted — then deleted all of it — and now criticize me for not providing even more? Or are you just desperate to get some polemical points? If i knew i could have provided a ink (which would not go through the first time i tried), then i would have used some for such references, as i do on this blog.

...Paul was not a RC (for rea­sons that can be given), nor did he ordain RC priests, while nei­ther this or any other text sup­ports a per­pet­u­ally infal­li­ble mag­is­terium. [All you do is run • • • rhetor­i­cal cir­cles around the text to deny this; you never illus­trate why you are correct.]

Never illus­trate? Are you reading what i wrote or only what you want to see? You invoked that the Holy Spirit will lead into "all the truth"in speaking to the apostles, who ordained others (1 Tim. 4:14, 1 Tim. 5:22) in trying to establish Rome as uniquely being that Church, all of which rests upon the premise of formal historical descent of office establishing authenticity. Therefore i responded by stating that Scripture showed Rome leading souls into error, not all Truth, and that neither did “formal historical descent, as messy as Rome's is, constitute the basis for authenticity under the New Covenant.” (Mt. 3:9; Rm. 2:28,29)

And this has already been shown, for again, if formal historical descent of office was the basis or even necessary for authenticity, then the church never would have been valid, as it began in dissent from those who sat in the seat of Moses.

The problem with so much of Catholic apologetics is that as its agents are so willing to support Rome who declares what is truth by fiat, that they superficially see texts as certainly supporting her when they do not, calling things that are not as though they were.
[The Bible has already told us who the Holy Spirit will lead into "all the truth"; Christ is speaking to the apostles, in whose charge He left the building of the Church, and who in turn commissioned others as successors (cf. 1 Tim. 4:14, 1 Tim. 5:22).]

Which is the kind of extrapolation and presumption i just referred to. You have a promise that God will lead the apostles into all Truth, which by leaping logic somehow translates into perpetuated infallibility, and the church of Rome today!

Instead, it is because this refers to the Spirit guiding the church into all truth through the further revelation Christ would give by the Spirit, and would be thus contained in Scripture, that the heresies and aberrations of Rome are exposed. For the church she imagines the Holy Spirit leads into all truth is a church contrary to Scripture, being one,

▀ that looked to a exalted its supreme infallible demigod head, unlike as seen in Scripture or early history, calling things that are not of Scripture essentially as if they (being equal to it),

▀ whose apostolic office was continuously perpetuated unlike as in Scripture, and often by political machinations that made manifestly impenitent immoral men supreme infallible leaders;

▀ which praying to departed spirits, unlike as seen in Scripture, but as pagans did;

▀ which believed the mother of Christ, as concerning the flesh, was sinless, a perpetual virgin, and bodily raised and already crowned, which things are not taught in Scripture, and contrary to it (in which notable exceptions to the norm, especially by primary persons, are stated, and that all culpable souls have sinned, and marriage is defined as including sexual cleaving, saints are not crowned until the Lord's return);

▀which was offering oblations and bowing down beseeching a “queen of Heaven” for favors, like pagans;
• and operated with a class of clergy foreign to the NT church, titled “priests,” and often with ostentatious dress and other titles, and with required celibacy (normative) unlike as in Scripture, (1Cor. 9:5; 1Tim. 3:1-5; Titus 1:5,6) and which presumes all have this gift. (1Cor. 7:7)

▀ and which priests were called such as they engaged in a heretical sacrificial form of “Christianized” endocannibalism as their prime and unique function, to give spiritual and eternal life by physically, consuming corporeal human flesh and blood, versus by faith in the gospel (Acts 10:43,44; 15:7-9; Eph. 1:13);

▀ and imagining another ritual itself makes one good enough for Heaven, even a morally incognizant soul that cannot repent and believe as required in Scripture (Acts 2:38; 8:36-38);

▀ and imagining she dispensed grace from her Treasury of Merit through rituals (which are usually foster perfunctory professions);

▀ yet then usually sending them (half baked) off to an imaginary place of fiery torments for an indeterminate periods commencing at death, in order to become good enough for Heaven;

▀ and inducing offerings (“indulgences”) to be made to escape sooner, etc.
All of which and more is contrary to what the Holy Spirit provided in the writings of Scripture so as to guide those of apostolic faith into all essential truth, and thus exposing the errors of Catholicism.
And as said, we have zero apostolic successors in Scripture after the one, chosen by casting lots, (Prov. 16:33) to maintain the original foundational 12, (Eph. 2:20; Rv. 21:14) which we have not today, and none for the martyred James, (Acts 12:1,2) nor any instructions for chosen one except Acts 1 which Rome deviates from, and no evident preparation for another, which would be a notable event and surely recorded as important to the church. Just more proof Rome did not alter the Bible. Moreover, a qualification for an apostle seems to have required a literal personal discipleship by the Lord Himself, (Acts 1:21-22; 1Cor. 9:1; Gal. 1:11,12,17) while the apostolic proof of an apostles was powerfully in word, virtue and in power. (2Cor. 6:4-10; 12:12)

But again, invok­ing texts as the basis for your assur­ance reveals you sim­ply fail to get it. [That must be the first time I have ever heard a Protes­tant describe appeals to Scrip­ture as “invok­ing texts.” An athe­ist who denied the author­ity of Scrip­ture alto­gether could do no bet­ter.]

And you speak of “rhetorical smoke?” This misrepresentation avoids the reality that “invok­ing texts” continues to refer to your doing just under the false presumes that Scripture is your basis for assurance when it are not. An athe­ist could tell you that.

To be con­sis­tent with the absolute need for an assuredly infal­li­ble mag­is­terium, con­clu­sions of fal­li­ble human rea­son­ing must be rejected, thus no mat­ter what i say you must oppose it IF con­trary to Rome. [All this means is that you reject out of hand any­one who would dis­agree with you from a Catholic point of view.]

Wrong. All this means is that while I can agree with RCs, and have actually changed some aspects of my beliefs as a result, and defend many things we both concur on (insomuch as we do), yet a faithful RC is not to allow himself to be persuaded by Scripture or Scriptural arguments that would be contrary to supporting Rome. Only what she ordains can be said to come from God.

[Actu­ally, the Church Fathers pick up where the Scrip­ture leaves off in affirm­ing apos­tolic suc­ces­sion. Which I dis­cussed in this article.]

Actually, so-called “church fathers” (the apostles and prophets of Scripture were: Eph. 2:20) are neither Scripture nor uniform in supporting Rome, thus as said, Rome “judges them more than she is judged by them” (Catholic Encyclopedia: “Tradition and Living Magisterium”) While pious, yet CFs were in error on some things, and also as said, even Catholic scholars provide testimony against the RC idea of a perpetuated Petrine papacy from the 1st century.

If you want to deal with Luke 10:16 even though it can­not be allowed to impugn the claims of Rome, what i said is what is sup­ported, that it per­tains to all who preach the evan­gel­i­cal gospel. [Yes. If they are in apos­tolic suc­ces­sion and receive Holy Orders. But one can­not just get up one morn­ing and declare him­self a preacher of the gospel. They must receive their orders from some­one autho­rized by God to ordain. That would be a bishop.]

Rather, while many persons and churches claim they are of God, the cultic ones proclaiming themselves the one true witness, Scripture tells the laity to test the spirits and prove all things. (Dt. 13:1-11; 18:15ff; 1Thes. 5:21; 1Jn. 4:1) And which manner of testing John and Christ passed, thus the church began in dissent from those who should accepted them.

Certainly the leadership bears primary responsibly for discerning sheep from wolves, (Acts 20:28-31) based on Scripture, but are not above it, so that a claim to be a church must also be tested, but which means of establishment Rome presumes she is. And ultimately protects herself from refutation by relegating them all such as invalid under the premise that they rely on fallible human reason, while she is infallible.

For as said before, the reality is that Rome has presumed to infallibly declare she is and will be perpetually infallible whenever she speaks in accordance with her infallibly defined (scope and subject-based) formula, which renders her declaration that she is infallible, to be infallible, as well as all else she accordingly declares.

This filters down to the lay apologetics, in which attempts are made to appeal to evangelicals on the basis of Scriptural warrant for RC claims, but when these are unconvincing, the “we gave you the Bible, we know what it means” becomes their recourse.

You yourself affirm the magisterium is always right, thus no challenge to that can be allowed as true, based upon the fallacious premise of historical descent and stewardship of Scripture meaning infallibility.

You give much attention to Lk. 10:16: 'He that heareth you heareth me; and he that despiseth you despiseth me; and he that despiseth me despiseth him that sent me. “(Luke 10:16) But while your position is certainly consistent with your damning premise which you affirmed (and of which more still will said further below) yet it is inconsistent (nothing new) with what the Lord showed, as He did not at all invalidate or censure one casting out devils in the Lord's name, yet who was not of the apostles company — just the type of man you disallow as representing the Lord. And in response to the sectarian disciples who (in this case acted like RCs), sought to forbid him, the Lord said, “Do not forbid him...For whoever is not against us is for us.” (Mark 9:39,40: NAB) And will be rewarded. (v. 41)

Seeing that such a one is for the Lord though not part of the apostolic assembly, thus if one rejected him, as you must, then he is rejecting Christ. And which is akin to “he that despiseth me despiseth him that sent me,” and thus you must find some way to have ordained the man to operate in the Lord's name though he was not part of the apostle's church.

In addition, as said, formal historical descent is not the sure nor necessary basis for authenticity, but manifest Scriptural faith is. Thus John the Baptist along with the many true prophets in the OT were not such by way of Levitical priestly ordination or otherwise by magisterial approval, but often reproved the powers that be. Sometimes at the cost of their lives, which certainly speaks of not having their sanction.

The apostle Paul was truly preaching the word of God before even meeting apostles, (Acts 9:20; Gal;;. 1:17,18) and for years before having any formal sanction of his message. And he still would been a valid apostle even without without the latter formal sanction, as he was established as an apostle long before it.

And as to believe is to confess Christ, (2Cor. 4:13) Rome's refusal to recognize properly baptized Prots, who manifestly have the Spirit, as representing Christ even when preaching Peter's message, does not invalidate them, but instead it invalidates Rome's rejection of them, as well as the Jewish magisterium's rejection of the church.

Furthermore, while you restrict preaching the gospel to those with Catholic holy orders, the whole early church was scattered abroad without the apostles, yet “went every where preaching the word,” (Acts 8:4) and there is no record of ordination making them all bishops or one of the 6 deacons.

Nor did one have to be a prophet to be of God to be valid even though rejected by the magisterium, for as Christ promised, “Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify; and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute them from city to city.” (Matthew 23:34)

And in the NT church all are called and enabled to preach the common gospel, and to “prophesy.” (1Cor. 14:31)

For in con­text this does not apply to sim­ply the apos­tles, which hardly any­thing does, nor did it orig­i­nally to those whom they them­selves ordained, but to the other sev­enty that the Lord appointed also. (Lk. 10:1) [Yes. Com­mis­sioned specif­i­cally by Jesus, not by them­selves. I think the com­mis­sion of Christ him­self has some author­ity. It is not per­ti­nent to the self-validating claims of Protestants.]

It is Rome whose self-proclaimed elitist status and assured infallibility is the issue, while your assertion is entirely consistent with the fallscious premise you affirmed, that “being the historical instrument and steward of Scripture means one is the infallible authority on that, with dissent from that authority being rebellion against God.” And thus you side with the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders, who being those stewards and acting like Roman Catholics, say unto Christ, “By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this authority to do these things?” (Mark 11:28)

What could an itinerant Preacher do? He and His cousin had both publicly reproved the magisterium for their unScriptural presumption, yet they sat in in the seat of Moses. Under the Roman model, these men could not be right if rejected by the magisterium, and they certainly were.

However, while general obedience is enjoined to both religious and civil powers, (Mt. 23:2; Heb. 13:17; Rm. 13:1-7; 1Pt. 2:14) yet assured veracity is nowhere perpetually promised to any seat on this earth, and sometimes the people are correct and the magisterium is wrong and dissent was and is required.

And in this case the people rightly recognized John the Baptist as a prophet of God, and Christ as Messiah. And being also the only wise God, the Lord thus asked them, “The baptism of John, was it from heaven, or of men? answer me.” (Mark 11:30)

This question caused a short circuit in the powers that be, as they knew of no answer that would not incriminate them. Thus the might magisterium defaulted to, “We cannot tell.”

Nor can RCs consistently allow manifestly born again souls to be right and represent God if she rejects them. Yet as said, the rejected Lord sent forth many who were also rejected by the magisterium, and thus the church began, but not as one which operated under the same presumption as the Pharisees, nor one without ordination and structure etc, but one in in which the One True Church is the body of Christ, as all have the Spirit, and thus are called to witness, manifesting the visible church:
And it shall come to pass in the last days, saith God, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams: (Acts 2:17)

Thus you must argue that this [“He that heareth you heareth me...he that despiseth me despiseth him that sent me”] applies only to Rome, and the non-existent sep­a­rate class of priests” she ordains, so that if one rejects a Bap­tist preach­ing Acts 10:36 – 43 then that soul is not reject­ing Christ.

[Exactly.] (eph. mine)

This is in-credible and absolutely astounding, if correctly understood as rejecting the message Peter preached in Acts if coming from the mouth of a Baptist (which many do preach), as what that would mean by implication is that even Scripture — even the very gospel message of Acts 10:36 –43 — is not to be considered the Word of God unless it comes from one under Catholic Holy Orders.

And thus it would follow that one who does accept this message has not accepted Christ if coming from a non-Catholic, despite the testimony of even many converts to Rome. Yet even your own theology teaches that a trinitarian baptized Protestant has the Holy Spirit, and that “God gives His gifts and graces whereby He is operative among them with His sanctifying power. Some indeed He has strengthened to the extent of the shedding of their blood...” (Lumen Gentium 16) And that to believe is to speak, yet you cannot allow that the Holy Spirit speaks through any Protestant, thus representing the Lord!. This means the Holy Spirit is not operative when preaching the message Peter preached.

While i think few RCs would concur with you, this is the consistent logic of your argument, and the presumption of Rome.

Meanwhile, like those whom who were reproved by prophets, wise men and scribes, in reality Rome is the church that is misusing the Lord's name most universally, as it critically and substantially is contrary to it, as described above.

Catholics do not even know for sure how many infal­li­ble teach­ings there are, or what level each teach­ing belongs to, and thus what man­ner of assent is required, or if dis­sent is allowed, besides their mean­ing often requir­ing vary­ing degrees of inter­pre­ta­tion. [Sim­ply not true. This is not even close to true. This is sim­ply a myth you have picked up along the way.]

Really? then please be the first RC to provide an infallible list of all RC teachings and what magisterial level each teach­ing belongs to. It will sell well. Or are you only denying that the mean­ing of RC teaching often requires vary­ing degrees of inter­pre­ta­tion? Go visit Catholic Answers forum, and the many pages of debate over what something means. And as said, tell me how the teaching that RCs adore the same God as Muslims is clear and does not need interpretive explanation.
[I don’t know; that sounds to me very much like what I described it [below].]

You actually mean “if an assuredly infal­li­ble mag­is­terium is nec­es­sary to [have] estab­lished both writ­ings and men of God, and for assur­ance of Truth, then souls could not have been sure the very Scrip­tures the Lord invoked were indeed Scripture,” means “an infal­li­ble mag­is­terium would leave us uncer­tain which books of Scrip­ture were truly inspired is sim­ply incoherent”?

Then let me try to make it clearer. Though it may seem strange to an RC, the very Scrip­tures the Lord invoked were indeed established as Scripture, even though an assuredly infal­li­ble mag­is­terium did not exist. But if the latter is required for both men and writing of God to be established as being so, and for assurance of Truth, then this establishment of Scripture would have been impossible before the church of Rome came to be, and would presume such was necessary.

[Well, in fact, the canon of the Old Tes­ta­ment prior to Christ was deter­mined by tra­di­tion. No one assumed that the Hebrew texts were self-authenticating.]

This is not an answer that solves your problem, for it does not realize that this “tra­di­tion” needed to be established upon something, like as writings had to be recognized and established upon a basis, and as is the case with men of God. A magisterium is to confirm what is of God, but such is of God and has authority before they do confirm them and whether or not they do, and in fact due to the qualities and attestation by which such is essentially established, it will reprove a magisterium that fails to affirm, as was the case with prophets, wise men and scribes God sent and were rejected. Any NT magisterium itself must continually evidence qualities and attestation that testify to its authenticity, relative to its claims. And even the apostles did not claim things Rome presumed she perpetually possesses.

Which would be a con­tra­dic­tion [since all the books are infal­li­ble] [You are accus­ing R.C. Sproul of engag­ing in self-contradiction on this point? That’s very Catholic of you to say!]

What is very Catholic is to use just part of my statement, but regardless, it seems RCs simply have a hard time conceiving of us not always concurring with men like Sproul as if he was a pope, while when a pope says things contrary to Roman doctrine they simply say that he was not speaking infallibly. So i suppose we could say neither was “pope Sproul” speaking from the chair or denying an article of Protestant faith. And in fact the canon not being infallible for RCs would have been right if said before Luther died. Thus the debate within Trent itself over books.

And if you agree with my reasoning behind my contradicting Sproul, then if Rome holds that the 66 books of the Protestant canon are infallible (though it appears some RCs deny Scripture itself is infallible), then so would its canon, unless infallible canon means a canon that cannot be added to. See below.

[Sproul described the Bible as “a fal­li­ble col­lec­tion of infal­li­ble books.” It was a sly and trans­par­ent way of try­ing to get around the Catholic obser­va­tion...Only an exte­rior author­ity can do that.]

That Rome is that exte­rior author­ity you mean, which is a presumption contrary to how assurance of truth was realized in Scripture.

Sproul (of whom i have read very little) was arguing Scripture as being God-breathed is infallible, and was objecting to making the declaration of the canon to be infallible like Scripture is under the premise that the church possesses the charism of infallibility.

However, if we hold that the the Pentateuch (for instance) was infallible Scripture before there was a church (and thus had authority), then even a canon of just those 5 books would be “infallible,” though assuredly true based on the same means by which men of God were established as being so, not because an infallible office possessed a gift of being infallible whenever it spoke according to its infallibly-defined criteria/formula.

But if by an infallible canon we mean not simply that it only contains wholly infallible books, but that no more can be added, then that presumes Trent even closed the canon, of which there is or has been different Catholic opinions. Also, if a different canon based on the number of books is a major issue, then it should also be one between Rome and the EOs, but it is not.

[...sola scrip­tura can­not tell us what books belong in the Bible in the first place. Only an exte­rior author­ity can do that.]

Wrong, wrong wrong, “only” being the error, or else no one knew whether any writings were Scripture before Rome! As expressed before, since Scripture attests to both writings and men being recognized as being of God or not, thus sola scrip­tura, in which not all things are formally taught, does materially provide for the consequences of this discernment — a canon of infallible books, and thus an “infallible” canon.

But the mean­ing of infal­li­ble is an wor­thy sub­ject. In Scrip­ture while God can­not lie, (Titus 1:2) and all men are liars, (Rm. 3:4) thus only what is wholly inspired of Him is assuredly the word of God [yes, but that begs the ques­tion].

And the RC answer basically is that an infallible magisterium is required in order to know and establish both which men and writings are authoritative, and that the historical instruments and stewards of Scripture are that magisterium. And that assurance of truth cannot be through fallible human reasoning, since this result in disagreements, so therefore it requires an infallible magisterium, which Rome provides. And thus RCs have assurance that she is this magisterium because Rome has infallibly declared that she is infallible.

But which is obviously circular, and arguing from Scripture as a “merely historical book” in order to prove that Rome is infallible, and thus only what writings she decides are Scripture are infallible (“without the existence of the Church, we could never know whether the Bible is inspired” — Keating), requires interpreting such writings as teaching that they could not be and were not recognized as infallible Scripture unless and until Rome defined them thusly, which is contrary to what they do honestly testify to. Therefore they must essentially make interpretive assertions (which includes Mt. 16:18; Lk. 10:16; 22:32; 1Tim. 1:15; Jn. 20:23; etc. = perpetual assuredly infallible magisterium of Rome) based on the premise that only one interpretation is possibly correct, because Rome is infallible.

One can go further with this, but he reality is that while the teaching office is critical and of primary importance in doctrinal controversies, and to which obedience is enjoined, and on each level of it, yet it is not assured infallible and superior over Scripture, nor absolutely necessary for discernment of Truth claims. For Truth and falsehood was recognized before Rome, and thus the church began with common people holding John and Jesus as being of God, while the magisterium did not.

The result of this consensus of the remnant faithful recognizing Christ was recognizing another magisterium He established, but not as possessing perpetual assured infallibility of office any more than those who sat in the seat of Moses.

The RC arguments for her perpetual assuredly infallible magisterium have no actual proof but are all extrapolated out of false premises, nor did it eliminate dissent, but ended up becoming more like the world in dealing with it, and or in morals when not using it.
The end result of this reproved but recalcitrant Romish presumption and immorality necessitated a “divided kingdom” on earth, which remains to this day (if too much), while the spiritual kingdom has exponentially grown almost entirely through those who were set at liberty from her, due to a core unity in essential gospel truths, thus contending against those who deny them, including Catholicism and her traditions of men and perversion of the gospel.

The Lord went through Scrip­ture, not ancient oral tales, show­ing the Scrip­tural basis for Him being the Mes­siah, and opened the eyes of the dis­ci­ples (not just 11) from the tri­par­tite canon. (Lk. 24:27,44,45). [Actu­ally, as I pointed out here: “Acts 7:53, Gala­tians 3:19, and Hebrews 2:2 all allude to the Jew­ish tra­di­tion that the Torah was ‘declared by angels’ (to use the expres­sion in Hebrews). This tra­di­tion is not to be found in the Old Testament.”

That is absurd, as this “tradition” of angels instrumentally delivering/declaring the Law is simply what Scripture teaches, and is certainly not like nebulous ancient RC traditions like the Assumption, PTDS etc.

“Who have received the law by the disposition of angels, and have not kept it.” (Acts 7:53)

For if the word spoken by angels was stedfast, and every transgression and disobedience received a just recompence of reward; (Hebrews 2:2)

And he said, The Lord came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto them; he shined forth from mount Paran, and he came with ten thousands of saints [cf., Ps. 68:17: “angels”]: from his right hand went a fiery law for them. (Deuteronomy 33:2)

In the hand of a mediator — I stood between the Lord and you at that time, to shew you the word of the Lord: for ye were afraid by reason of the fire, and went not up into the mount; saying, (Deuteronomy 5:5)

This adds more information to Exodus 24:12ff as to the instrumentality God used to give the Law, like as Christ sent His angel to speak to John. (Rv. 22:8,9) You might as well call that a tradition, or say that because one can interpretively expand upon texts then this supports the tradition of Rome being equal with Scripture, even if it lacks even one example (like praying to the departed in Heaven). The assurance for which is based upon the premise of Rome's assured infallibility, which itself is a tradition. And thus essentially Rome presumes to be as one of the inspired writers of Scripture, and effectively adds to the canon.

Thus once again in review, among other things, we see that the RC Scott holds that being the historical instrument and steward of Scripture means being an infallible authority, and thus the assurance of Truth, which means that the NT church itself is invalidated, and Scripture is not his basis for assurance.

And to be consistent with his assertion that only this external authority can determine which books are in Scripture, then no one could could know or can know any book was inspired of God before the church of Rome did so (which for an infallible canon, was over 1400 years after the last book was penned).

And as apparently rejecting a Baptist preaching the message of Acts 10:36-43 is not rejecting Christ, then one who believes the message has not accepted Christ either, despite the testimony of many former Prots who converted and bring some life to Rome.

And that only an exte­rior author­ity can tell us what books belong in the Bible, which means no one could know what books were Scripture before the church of Rome infallibly defined the canon (which took over 1400 years after the last book was penned).

And since what Scripture actually teaches is Tradition, then this supports the ancient amorphous oral Tradition of Rome, even if such an event of the Assumption of Mary is not recorded in Scripture, much less the coronation of any saint (which awaits the Lord's Return.)

Supplementary 
 
And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the Lord his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them: (Deuteronomy 17:19)

To the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word, it is because there is no light in them. (Isaiah 8:20)

These were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were so. (Acts 17:11)

I have often referenced how the church began upon Scriptural substantiation, but let me go into how Scripture even became to be the supreme standard. The actual writing seems to have begun with a man with a Hebrew lineage and an encounter with a burning bush out of which came a voice claiming to be God, and giving him a mission and marching orders. God abundantly manifested He was indeed the living God, and that Moses was the man of God through whom He would work (along with Aaron his bro, who was also able to make a golden calve by throwing gold into the fire — if you believe his account — and who was an accommodation to the protests of Moses).

And God gave powerful supernatural attestation to Moses and the Law that came by him, by which God also was affirming the faith and virtue of Abraham and his faith, an overall Godly man who also had supernatural attestation, thus Moses was a Hebrew.

Through Moses came the written Law, and we usually hold he wrote most of the Pentateuch as well. And which, as written, became the standard for obedience and the establishment of further truth claims as being of God.

And like a true man of God writings of God possessed a Divine character, as Ps. 19 and 119 especially expresses, and with God attesting to them, and thus they would be established as being of God due to this enduring character and attestation, these being Divine classics. But like men of God, sometimes this was more evident with some than with others.

And part of this attestation of Holy Writ was by the affirmation of those who, in complimentary fashion, evidenced they were of God by conformity to what had prior been established, thus the Lord and His apostles established their Truth claims upon Scriptural substantiation, while the attestation given to these men and their message further affirmed those writings as being of God.

And thus as Scripture attests to writings of God being recognized as being so, and the rejection of others that were not, thus Sola Scriptura materially provides for the consequence of this, a canon, and without an infallible magisterium being required, while formally the way of God's salvation and basic obedience (even if under the Law) has always been provided once Scripture appeared.

Note also that the greatest supernaturally attestation was overall given to those who provided new covenantal teaching, though complimentary to that which was before it, as seen being with Moses and the Lord and His apostles, though men like Elijah also confirmed such. This is part of Scriptural substantiation in word and in power, as such is the Kingdom of God (1Cor. 4:20) not mere declaration. Christianity is a supernatural religion, and thus greater the claims then more correspondent attestation is required (which Rome fails of in the light of her claims and size, and is contrast to). Thus “with great power gave the apostles witness of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus: and great grace was upon them all.” (Acts 4:33) And fear came upon every soul: and many wonders and signs were done by the apostles. (Acts 2:43) And of the rest durst no man join himself to them: but the people magnified them. (Acts 5:13)

And thus the NT realized more correspondent unity — and the more accountable they were, as Ananias and his wife Sapphira found out.



And as the church began upon Scriptural substantiation in word and in power, so it must continue to evidence it is of the church of the living God, grounded in and supporting the Truth, in conformity with Scripture and in faith, character (including patience in tribulation), virtue, power. Etc. With the more it corresponds to the apostolic testimony, (2Cor. 6:4-10) then the more this is manifest. And I certainly much fail here.

Yet the most important evidential witness to the resurrection of Christ is the transformed heart and life resulting from regeneration, and that effects a Christian life. By which a true church gains its members, and thus requires holiness and anointed preaching of the gospel of grace, which convicts souls “of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment,” (Jn. 16:9) That they are damned and destitute sinners before an infinitely holy and perfectly just almighty God, and thus must cast all their faith on the risen Lord Jesus to saved them by His sinless blood shed for them. And thus be baptized and follow Him.

And which infant baptism works against, Catholic or Protestant, especially treated afterward Christians, and not in desperate need of their day of salvation.

Which is part of the reliance upon ritual for that which results in a manifest life-changing relationship with Christ, and is a product of institutionalized religion and false doctrine, and constitutes the most fundamental difference between a fundamental evangelical type church and its Catholic or institutionalized Protestant counterparts (besides recognized cults which, as with Rome, make their church the OTC, but are far more controlling).

However, what we see today is spiritual declension in Christianity overall, and the rise of atheism and non-commitment, which will lead to persecution, which partly will be judgment upon the church, as it must begin with us, to bring a separated remnant to stand with the Lord in these latter days. May that tribe increase, and we all be part out it in faith, truth and love. Amen.

Sunday, January 26, 2014

Supplementary stats: Moral positions and voting: RCs vs. Evangelicals: Whites, Latinos, Blacks

Supplementary stats: RCs vs. Evangelicals: Whites, Latinos, Blacks

Faced with the overwhelming and consistent evidence that Catholics overall are liberal in contrast with evangelicals,  an unsubstantiated  assertion was made by a RC on a forum (which i responded to) that there were more prolife Catholics in numbers than evangelicals. Which would not change the fact of that Catholics are liberal, but it would relate to the impact. Of course, another RC poster charged evangelicals with losing the 2012 Pres. election because some did not vote, and 21% voted Democrat, which still left them as being the most conservative voter group.

Another post expressed that Latino/Hispanics were not likely to be pro abortion, and invoked the Black (African American) vote to impugn how evangelicals voted.

See here for statistics on these issues and much more,  which this compilation supplements.

In dealing with all this, we have the fairly standard figure of approx. 80 million Evangelicals (26% of a 313 million U.S. population) in America (though others range from have an est 60-100 million), making up 26% of Prot. churches, which make up 51% of all churches in the US.

Then we have the standard figure of approx. 75 million Catholics which make up 24% of all churches in the US.

Thus the numbers between the two parties are close, but we have not worked at determining how many of each are pro life. In so doing it would be easiest to start by restricting each to whites, not because I am racist or seek to promote that  (I myself am a minority where I live) but because Blacks and Latinos typically vote liberal.

Not counting blacks would eliminate 6% of evangelicals (15% of blacks), and 5% of Catholics.

(Also, a 2010 study showed 12.5% of Protestant churches and 27% of other Christian churches (Catholic/Orthodox) were multiracial - http://hirr.hartsem.edu/research/fastfacts/fast_facts.html#multiracial)

53% of black evangelicals and 35% of black Catholics say that abortion should be illegal.

Blacks constituted approx. 13% of the electorate in 2012. Black Protestants were 9% of the electorate, and Hispanic Catholics 5%

Latinos make up an est. 15% of evangelicals, and 32% of Catholics. 51% of Hispanic Catholics and 70% of Latino evangelicals say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases

Latinos account for 11% of the nation’s eligible electorate [2012], with 57% being Catholic.

Getting down to white Catholics and white evangelicals, 54% of the former and 64% of the latter say [2011-2012] abortion should be illegal in all or most cases.

Among all Catholics and evangelicals (racial stats not given) who attend services weekly or more, 58% of Catholics and 73% of evangelicals say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases.

Also, what 2013 polling shows is that only 51% of adult Hispanics say abortion should be illegal in most or all cases" even while being family oriented (i am sure there are differences btwn nat.origins though). Other surveys have prochoice Hispanics even higher, and none were lower.

In addition, only a slight majority of 53% of Hispanic Catholics say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases, similar to white Catholics at 54%, which only matches the general public.

Moreover,  Hispanics make up at least  32% of Catholics, and 47% of Catholics btwn 18-29, thus foretelling its future voting

In contrast, Hispanics make up 15% of evangelicals, and 70% of Hispanic evangelicals say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases

Overall, white Evangelicals (23% of the electorate) voted 79%/20% Romney/Obama; Protestants overall (53% of the electorate) voted 57%/42%; black Protestants (9% of the electorate) and other Christian voted 5%/95%; Catholics overall (25% of the electorate) voted 48%/50%; white Catholics (18% of the electorate) voted 59%/40%; and Hispanic Catholics (5% of the electorate) voted 21%/75% Romney/Obama http://www.pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/How-the-Faithful-Voted-2012-Preliminary-Exit-Poll-Analysis.aspx

See here by God's grace, the most extensive compilation (I know of) of statistics on the spiritual and moral condition of America, and its costs in lives, souls and money. Pray.

Saturday, January 18, 2014

Catholic and other modern research on apostolic successors to Peter and ancient int. of Mt.16:18

Catholic and other modern research on apostolic successors to Peter and ancient interpretation of Mt.16:18.

See also Historical Context of the Reformation further below.

• The Catholic historian Paul Johnson (author of over 40 books and a conservative popular historian), writes in his 1976 work “History of Christianity:”

Eusebius [whose history can be dubious] presents the lists as evidence that orthodoxy had a continuous tradition from the earliest times in all the great Episcopal sees and that all the heretical movements were subsequent aberrations from the mainline of Christianity.

Looking behind the lists, however, a different picture emerges. In Edessa, on the edge of the Syrian desert, the proofs of the early establishment of Christianity were forgeries, almost certainly manufactured under Bishop Kune, the first orthodox Bishop, and actually a contemporary of Eusebius...

Orthodoxy was not established [In Egypt] until the time of Bishop Demetrius, 189-231, who set up a number of other sees and manufactured a genealogical tree for his own bishopric of Alexandria, which traces the foundation through ten mythical predecessors back to Mark, and so to Peter and Jesus...

Even in Antioch, where both Peter and Paul had been active, there seems to have been confusion until the end of the second century. Antioch completely lost their list...When Eusebius’s chief source for his Episcopal lists, Julius Africanus, tried to compile one for Antioch, he found only six names to cover the same period of time as twelve in Rome and ten in Alexandria. 

 More from Johnson on development:

..the Church, operating on the principle of collective commonsense, was a haven for a very wide spectrum of opinion. In the West, diversity was disappearing fast; in the East, orthodoxy was becoming the largest single tradition by the early decades of the third century. The Church was now a great and numerous force in the empire, attracting men of wealth and high education, inevitably, then, there occurred a change of emphasis from purely practical development in response to need, to the deliberate thinking out of policy.

This expressed itself in two ways: the attempt to turn Christianity into a philosophical and political system, and the development of controlling devices to prevent this intellectualization of the faith from destroying it. The twin process began to operate in the early and middle decades of the third century, with Origen epitomizing the first element and Cyprian the second. If Paul brought to the first generation of Christians the useful skills of a trained theologian, Origen was the first great philosopher to rethink the new religion from first principles.

He [Origen] slept on the floor, ate no meat, drank no wine, had only one coat and no shoes. He almost certainly castrated himself,..

 The effect of Origen’s work was to create a new science, biblical theology, whereby every sentence in the scriptures was systematically explored for hidden [much prone to metaphorical] meanings, different layers of meanings, allegory and so forth.....

Cyprian came from a wealthy family with a tradition of public service to the empire; within two years of his conversion he was made a bishop. He had to face the practical problems of persecution, survival and defence against attack. His solution was to gather together the developing threads of ecclesiastical order and authority and weave them into a tight system of absolute control...the confession of faith, even the Bible itself lost their meaning if used outside the Church.

Without the office of bishop there could be no Church: and without the Church, no salvation. The man who determined who was or was not a member of the Church and therefore eligible tor salvation was the bishop. He interpreted the scriptures in the light of the Church’s needs in any given situation; the only unambiguous instruction they contained being, to remain faithful to the Church and obey its rules.

With Cyprian, then, the freedom preached by Paul and based on the power of Christian truth was removed from the ordinary members of the Church, it was retained only by the bishops, through whom the Holy Spirit still worked, who were collectively delegated to represent the totality of Church members...With Bishop Cyprian, the analogy with secular government came to seem very close. But of course it lacked one element: the ‘emperor figure’ or supreme priest...

[Peter according to Cyprian was] the beneficiary of the famous ‘rock and keys’ text in Matthew. There is no evidence that Rome exploited this text to assert its primacy before about 250 - and then, interestingly enough, in conflict with the aggressive episcopalian Cyprian - but what is clear is that in the second half of the second century, and no doubt in response to Marcion’s Pauline heresy - the first heresy Rome itself had experienced - Paul was eliminated from any connection with the Rome episcopate and the office was firmly attached to Peter alone...

The Church survived, and steadily penetrated all ranks of society over a huge area, by avoiding or absorbing extremes, by compromise, by developing an urbane temperament and erecting secular-type structures to preserve its unity and conduct its business. There was in consequence a loss of spirituality or, as Paul would have put it, of freedom... - A History of Christianity, by Paul Johnson, pp. 51-61,63. transcribed using OCR software)


Roman church past was being reinvented for polemical purposes. Eamon Duffy (Pontifical Historical Commission, Professor of the History of Christianity at the University of Cambridge, and former President of Magdalene College)
 
Self-consciously, the popes began to model their actions and their style as Christian leaders on the procedures of the Roman state” - Eamon Duffy  (“Saints and Sinners”, ©2001 edition)

Peter Lampe (Lutheran)*:

The picture that finally emerges from Lampe’s analysis of surviving evidence is one he names ‘the fractionation of Roman Christianity’ (pp. 357–408). Not until the second half of the second century, under Anicetus, do we find compelling evidence for a monarchical episcopacy, and when it emerges, it is to manage relief shipments to dispersed Christians as well as social aid for the Roman poor (pp. 403–4). Before this period Roman Christians were ‘fractionated’ amongst dispersed house/tenement churches, each presided over by its own presbyter–bishop. This accounts for the evidence of social and theological diversity in second-century Roman Christianity, evidence of a degree of tolerance of theologically disparate groups without a single authority to regulate belief and practice, and the relatively late appearance of unambiguous representation of a single bishop over Rome. — Review of “Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries,” by Peter Lampe in Oxford’s Journal of Theological Studies, 2005 
*Peter Lampe is a German Lutheran minister and theologian and Professor of New Testament Studies at the University of Heidelberg, whose work, “From Paul to Valentinus: Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries,” was written in 1987 and translated to English in 2003. The Catholic historian Eamon Duffy (Irish Professor of the History of Christianity at the University of Cambridge, and former President of Magdalene College), said “all modern discussion of the issues must now start from the exhaustive and persuasive analysis by Peter Lampe” — Saints and Sinners,” “A History of the Popes,” Yale, 1997, 2001, pg. 421).
 
Catholic theologian and  Jesuit priest Francis Sullivan, in his work From Apostles to Bishops (New York: The Newman Press), examines possible mentions of “succession” from the first three centuries, and concludes from that study that “the episcopate [development of bishops] is a the fruit of a post New Testament development,” and cannot concur with those (interacting with Jones) who see little reason to doubt the notion that there was a single bishop in Rome through the middle of the second century:

Hence I stand with the majority of scholars who agree that one does not find evidence in the New Testament to support the theory that the apostles or their coworkers left [just] one person as “bishop” in charge of each local church... 
 
As the reader will recall, I have expressed agreement with the consensus of scholars that available evidence indicates that the church of Rome was led by a college of presbyters, rather than a single bishop, for at least several decades of the second century... 
 
Hence I cannot agree with Jones's judgment that there seems little reason to doubt the presence of a bishop in Rome already in the first century. 
 
“...the evidence both from the New Testament and from such writings as I Clement, the Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians and The Shepherd of Hennas favors the view that initially the presbyters in each church, as a college, possessed all the powers needed for effective ministry. This would mean that the apostles handed on what was transmissible of their mandate as an undifferentiated whole, in which the powers that would eventually be seen as episcopal were not yet distinguished from the rest. Hence, the development of the episcopate would have meant the differentiation of ministerial powers that had previously existed in an undifferentiated state and the consequent reservation to the bishop of certain of the powers previously held collegially by the presbyters. — Francis Sullivan, in his work From Apostles to Bishops , pp. 221,22,24

• Klaus Schatz [Jesuit Father theologian, professor of church history at the St. George’s Philosophical and Theological School in Frankfurt] in his work, “Papal Primacy ,” pp. 1-4 :

“New Testament scholars agree..., The further question whether there was any notion of an enduring office beyond Peter’s lifetime, if posed in purely historical terms, should probably be answered in the negative. 
 
That is, if we ask whether the historical Jesus, in commissioning Peter, expected him to have successors, or whether the authority of the Gospel of Matthew, writing after Peter’s death, was aware that Peter and his commission survived in the leaders of the Roman community who succeeded him, the answer in both cases is probably 'no.” 
 
“....that does not mean that the figure and the commission of the Peter of the New Testament did not encompass the possibility, if it is projected into a Church enduring for centuries and concerned in some way to to secure its ties to its apostolic origins and to Jesus himself. 
 
If we ask in addition whether the primitive church was aware, after Peter’s death, that his authority had passed to the next bishop of Rome, or in other words that the head of the community at Rome was now the successor of Peter, the Church’s rock and hence the subject of the promise in Matthew 16:18-19, the question, put in those terms, must certainly be given a negative answer.” (page 1-2) 
 
[Schatz goes on to express that he does not doubt Peter was martyred in Rome, and that Christians in the 2nd century were convinced that Vatican Hill had something to do with Peter's grave.]

"Nevertheless, concrete claims of a primacy over the whole church cannot be inferred from this conviction. If one had asked a Christian in the year 100, 200, or even 300 whether the bishop of Rome was the head of all Christians, or whether there was a supreme bishop over all the other bishops and having the last word in questions affecting the whole Church, he or she would certainly have said no." (page 3, top) 
 
[Lacking such support for the modern concept of the primacy of the church of Rome with its papal jurisdiction, Schatz concludes that, “Therefore we must set aside from the outset any question such as 'was there a primacy in our sense of the word at that time?” Schatz therefore goes on to seek support for that as a development.]

“We probably cannot say for certain that there was a bishop of Rome [in 95 AD]. It is likely that the Roman church was governed by a group of presbyters from whom there very quickly emerged a presider or ‘first among equals’ whose name was remembered and who was subsequently described as ‘bishop’ after the mid-second century.” (Schatz 4).

Schatiz additionally states,

Cyprian regarded every bishop as the successor of Peter, holder of the keys to the kingdom of heaven and possessor of the power to bind and loose. For him, Peter embodied the original unity of the Church and the episcopal office, but in principle these were also present in every bishop. For Cyprian, responsibility for the whole Church and the solidarity of all bishops could also, if necessary, be turned against Rome."Papal Primacy [Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1996], p. 20)

• Roman Catholic scholar William La Due (taught canon law at St. Francis Seminary and the Catholic University of America) on Cyprian:

....those who see in The Unity of the Catholic Church, in the light of his entire episcopal life, an articulation of the Roman primacy - as we have come to know it, or even as it has evolved especially from the latter fourth century on - are reading a meaning into Cyprian which is not there." — The Chair of Saint Peter: A History of the Papacy [Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1999], p. 39

• Roger Collins, writing of the Symmachan forgeries”, describes these “pro-Roman” “enhancements” to history:

So too would the spurious historical texts written anonymously or ascribed to earlier authors that are known collectively as the Symmachan forgeries. This was the first occasion on which the Roman church had revisited its own history, in particular the third and fourth centuries, in search of precedents That these were largely invented does not negate the significance of the process...

Some of the periods in question, such as the pontificates of Sylvester and Liberius (352-366), were already being seen more through the prism of legend than that of history, and in the Middle Ages texts were often forged because their authors were convinced of the truth of what they contained. Their faked documents provided tangible evidence of what was already believed true...

It is no coincidence that the first systematic works of papal history appear at the very time the Roman church’s past was being reinvented for polemical purposes. (Collins, “Keepers of the Keys of Heaven,” pgs 80-82).


Roman Catholic [if liberal] Garry Wills, Professor of History Emeritus, Northwestern U., author of “Why i am a Catholic:”

"The idea that Peter was given some special power that could be handed on to a successor runs into the problem that he had no successor. The idea that there is an "apostolic succession" to Peter's fictional episcopacy did not arise for several centuries, at which time Peter and others were retrospectively called bishops of Rome, to create an imagined succession. Even so, there has not been an unbroken chain of popes. Two and three claimants existed at times, and when there were three of them each excommunicating the other two, they all had to be dethroned and the Council of Carthage started the whole thing over again in 1417." — WHAT JESUS MEANT, p. 81

• American Roman Catholic priest and Biblical scholar Raymond Brown (twice appointed to Pontifical Biblical Commission):

“The claims of various sees to descend from particular members of the Twelve are highly dubious. It is interesting that the most serious of these is the claim of the bishops of Rome to descend from Peter, the one member of the Twelve who was almost a missionary apostle in the Pauline sense – a confirmation of our contention that whatever succession there was from apostleship to episcopate, it was primarily in reference to the Puauline tyupe of apostleship, not that of the Twelve.” (“Priest and Bishop, Biblical Reflections,” Nihil Obstat, Imprimatur, 1970, pg 72.) 
 
Raymond Brown [being criticized here], in “Priest and Bishop: Biblical Reflections,” could not prove on historical grounds, he said, that Christ instituted the priesthood or episcopacy as such; that those who presided at the Eucharist were really priests; that a separate priesthood began with Christ; that the early Christians looked upon the Eucharist as a sacrifice; that presbyter-bishops are traceable in any way to the Apostles; that Peter in his lifetime would be looked upon as the Bishop of Rome; that bishops were successors of the Apostles, even though Vatican II made the same claim.. (from, "A Wayward Turn in Biblical Theory" by Msr. George A. Kelly can be read on the internet at http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Dossier/Jan-Feb00/Article5.html)

 
Anglican/Roman Catholic Joint Preparatory Commission: 

The New Testament contains no explicit record of a transmission of Peter's leadership; nor is the transmission of apostolic authority in general very clear. Furthermore, the Petrine texts were subjected to differing interpretations as early as the time of the Church Fathers. 
 
 Fathers and doctors of the Church gradually came to interpret the New Testament data as pointing in the same direction. This interpretation has been questioned, and it has been argued that it arose from an attempt to legitimize a development which had already occurred...

Yet it is possible to think that a primacy of the bishop of Rome is not contrary to the New Testament and is part of God's purpose regarding the Church's unity and catholicity, while admitting that the New Testament texts offer no sufficient basis for this. — (“Authority in the Church” II, ARCIC, para 2, 6,7; http://www.prounione.urbe.it/dia-int/arcic/doc/e_arcic_authority2.html)
 
Historical Basis and Context of the Reformation (brief)

Note, it is often not considered that the church began in dissent from those who were the stewards of Scripture, who sat in the seat Moses, having historical descent as inheritors of the promises of God's presence and preservation, and the student of holy writ. (Lv. 10:11; Dt. 4:31; 17:8-13; Num. 23:19,23; Is. 41:10, Ps. 89:33,34; Mal. 3:6; Rm. 3:2; 9:4) following a holy protester in the desert who ate insects, and did no miracles, and an itinerant Preacher who reproved the magisterium by Scripture, (Mk. 7:2-16) and established His Truth claims upon scriptural substantiation in word and in power, as did the early church, as it began upon this basis. (Mt. 22:23-45; Lk. 24:27,44; Jn. 5:36,39; Acts 2:14-35; 4:33; 5:12; 15:6-21;17:2,11; 18:28; 28:23; Rm. 15:19; 2Cor. 12:12, etc.)

The basic unity of the NT church was under manifest apostles of Christ:   "in all things approving ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, In stripes, in imprisonments, in tumults, in labours, in watchings, in fastings; By pureness, by knowledge, by longsuffering, by kindness, by the Holy Ghost, by love unfeigned, By the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left, (2 Corinthians 6:4-7)

But have renounced the hidden things of dishonesty, not walking in craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully; but by manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God. (2 Corinthians 4:2)

Truly the signs of an apostle were wrought among you in all patience, in signs, and wonders, and mighty deeds. (2 Corinthians 12:12) 

The greater this manner of attestation in virtue Scriptural substantiation and power, then the greater the unity, as well as persecutions. And the greater the claims, the greater the corespondent attestation is needed. Yet Rome not only makes greater claims than the apostles (even to perpetual assured formulaic infallibility, and to call her ministers "priests" - which they never are by the Holy Spirit in Scripture, as they suppose she can command God to turn into bread, etc.), but she fails of both the requirements of an apostolic successor, that of personal  encounter and discipleship by the Lord, (indicated by Acts 1:21,22; 1Cor. 9:1; Gal. 1:11,12) and their Scriptural attestation. Nor has Rome ever elected her so-called successors by the nonpolitical method of Acts 1 (casting lots, (Josh. 18:6; Prov. 16:33) not voting. (Acts 1:15ff). 

Instead, popes can even be devils and yet be held apostolic successors, for which there is only one example in Scripture, that being for Judas to maintain the original 12, (Rv. 21:14)      While  rather than supporting apostolic succession, the Holy Spirit conspicuously never mentions any successor for the apostle James who was martyred, (Acts 12:1,2) or preparations for another pope, despite its cardinal importance for Rome and the Spirit's careful chronicling of important events and details of the early church.

The R.C. exaltation of Peter is foundationally based upon Mt. 16:13-19, wherein there is a play on the word "rock" by the Lord, in which the immovable "Rock" upon which Christ would build His church is the confession that Christ was the Son of God, and thus by implication it is Christ himself. The verse at issue, v.18, cannot be divorced from that which preceded it, in which the identity of Jesus Christ is the main subject. In the next verse (17) that is what Jesus refers to in telling blessed Peter thatflesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee,and in v. 18 that truth is what the “this rock” refers to, with a distinction being made between the person of Peter and this rock.

This is the only interpretation that is confirmed, as it must be, in the rest of the New Testament. For in contrast to Peter, that the LORD Jesus is the Rock (“petra”) or "stone" (“lithos,” and which denotes a large rock in Mk. 16:4) upon which the church is built is one of the most abundantly confirmed doctrines in the Bible (petra: Rm. 9:33; 1Cor. 10:4; 1Pet. 2:8; cf. Lk. 6:48; 1Cor. 3:11; lithos: Mat. 21:42; Mk.12:10-11; Lk. 20:17-18; Act. 4:11; Rm. 9:33; Eph. 2:20; cf. Dt. 32:4, Is. 28:16) including by Peter himself. (1Pt. 2:4-8) Rome's current catechism attempts to have Peter himself as the rock as well, but also affirms: On the rock of this faith confessed by St Peter, Christ build his Church,” CCC 424) which understanding some of the ancients concur with. Welbore St. Clair Baddeley, Lina Duff Gordon, “Rome and its story:” 

 
The sixth century found Rome sunk too low by war and pestilence for many churches to be built; but at this time took place the transformation of ancient buildings into Christian shrines. Instead of despising the relics of paganism, the Roman priesthood prudently gathered to themselves all that could be adopted from the old world. Gregorovius remarks that the Christian religion had grown up side by side with the empire, which this new power was ready to replace when the Emperor withdrew to the East. The Bishop of Rome assumed the position of Ponlifex Maximus, priest and temporal ruler in one, and the workings of this so-called spiritual kingdom, with bishops as senators, and priests as leaders of the army, followed on much the same lines as the empire. The analogy was more complete when monasteries were founded and provinces were won and governed by the Church. - p. 176) 
 
 • Jaroslav Pelikan (Lutheran, later Eastern Orhodox), The Riddle of Roman Catholicism (New York: Abingdon Press, 1959), also finds:

"Recent research on the Reformation entitles us to sharpen it and say that the Reformation began because the reformers were too catholic in the midst of a church that had forgotten its catholicity..." 
 
“The reformers were catholic because they were spokesmen for an evangelical tradition in medieval catholicism, what Luther called "the succession of the faithful." The fountainhead of that tradition was Augustine (d. 430). His complex and far-reaching system of thought incorporated the catholic ideal of identity plus universality, and by its emphasis upon sin and grace it became the ancestor of Reformation theology. … All the reformers relied heavily upon Augustine. They pitted his evangelical theology against the authority of later church fathers and scholastics, and they used him to prove that they were not introducing novelties into the church, but defending the true faith of the church.” 
 
“...To prepare books like the Magdeburg Centuries they combed the libraries and came up with a remarkable catalogue of protesting catholics and evangelical catholics, all to lend support to the insistence that the Protestant position was, in the best sense, a catholic position. 
 
Additional support for this insistence comes from the attitude of the reformers toward the creeds and dogmas of the ancient catholic church. The reformers retained and cherished the doctrine of the Trinity and the doctrine of the two natures in Christ which had developed in the first five centuries of the church….”

“If we keep in mind how variegated medieval catholicism was, the legitimacy of the reformers' claim to catholicity becomes clear. (Pelikan, pp. 46-47). 
 
"Substantiation for this understanding of the gospel came principally from the Scriptures, but whenever they could, the reformers also quoted the fathers of the catholic church. There was more to quote than their Roman opponents found comfortable" (Pelikan 48-49).


• Joseph Lortz,    German Roman Catholic theologian:

 The real significance of the Western Schism rests in the fact that for decades there was an almost universal uncertainty about where the true pope and the true Church were to be found. For several decades, both popes had excommunicated each other and his followers; thus all Christendom found itself under sentence of excommunication by at least one of the contenders. Both popes referred to their rival claimant as the Antichrist, and to the Masses celebrated by them as idolatry. It seemed impossible to do anything about this scandalous situation, despite sharp protests from all sides, and despite the radical impossibility of having two valid popes at the same time. Time and time again, the petty selfishness of the contenders blocked any solution... 

The significance of the break-up of medieval unity in the thirteenth century, but even more during the Avignon period, is evident in the most distinctive historical consequence of the Avignon Papacy: the Great Western Schism. The real meaning of this event may not be immediately apparent. It can be somewhat superficially described as a period when there were two popes, each with his own Curia, one residing in Rome, the other in Avignon

When Luther asserted that the pope of Rome was not the true successor of Saint Peter and that the Church could do without the Papacy, in his mind and in their essence these were new doctrines, but the distinctive element in them was not new and thus they struck a sympathetic resonance in the minds of many. Long before the Reformation itself, the unity of the Christian Church in the West had been severely undermined
"The Reformation: A Problem for Today” (Maryland: The Newman Press, 1964), “The Causes of the Reformation," pp. 35-37; . http://beggarsallreformation.blogspot.com/2011/10/roman-catholic-scholar-look-at-causes.html
 
• The Avignon Papacy (1309-76) relocated the throne to France and was followed by the Western Schism (1378-1417), with three rival popes excommunicating each other and their sees. Referring to the schism of the 14th and 15th centuries, Cardinal Ratzinger observed, 

"For nearly half a century, the Church was split into two or three obediences that excommunicated one another, so that every Catholic lived under excommunication by one pope or another, and, in the last analysis, no one could say with certainty which of the contenders had right on his side. The Church no longer offered certainty of salvation; she had become questionable in her whole objective form--the true Church, the true pledge of salvation, had to be sought outside the institution. It is against this background of a profoundly shaken ecclesial consciousness that we are to understand that Luther, in the conflict between his search for salvation and the tradition of the Church, ultimately came to experience the Church, not as the guarantor, but as the adversary of salvation. 
Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, head of the Sacred Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith for the Church of Rome, “Principles of Catholic Theology,” trans. by Sister Mary Frances McCarthy, S.N.D. (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1989) p.196). http://www.whitehorseinn.org/blog/2012/06/13/whos-in-charge-here-the-illusions-of-church-infallibility/
 
Catholic Encyclopedia>Council of Constance:  
 
The Western Schism was thus at an end, after nearly forty years of disastrous life; one pope (Gregory XII) had voluntarily abdicated; another (John XXIII) had been suspended and then deposed, but had submitted in canonical form; the third claimant (Benedict XIII) was cut off from the body of the Church, "a pope without a Church, a shepherd without a flock" (Hergenröther-Kirsch). It had come about that, whichever of the three claimants of the papacy was the legitimate successor of Peter, there reigned throughout the Church a universal uncertainty and an intolerable confusion, so that saints and scholars and upright souls were to be found in all three obediences. On the principle that a doubtful pope is no pope, the Apostolic See appeared really vacant, and under the circumstances could not possibly be otherwise filled than by the action of a general council.  — http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04288a.htm

Cardinal Bellarmine:

 "Some years before the rise of the Lutheran and Calvinistic heresy, according to the testimony of those who were then alive, there was almost an entire abandonment of equity in ecclesiastical judgments; in morals, no discipline; in sacred literature, no erudition; in divine things, no reverence; religion was almost extinct.  Concio XXVIII. Opp. Vi. 296- Colon 1617, in “A History of the Articles of Religion,” by Charles Hardwick, Cp. 1, p. 10, 
 
Erasmus, in his new edition of the “Enchiridion,” “What man of real piety does not perceive with sighs that this is far the most corrupt of all ages? When did iniquity abound with more licentiousness? When was charity so cold?” — “The Evolution of the English Bible: A Historical Sketch of the Successive,” p. 132 by Henry William Hamilton-Hoare

At the time of the Reformation, the Catholic historian Paul Johnson described the existing social situation among the clergy: 

Probably as many as half the men in orders had ‘wives’ and families. Behind all the New Learning and the theological debates, clerical celibacy was, in its own way, the biggest single issue at the Reformation. It was a great social problem and, other factors being equal, it tended to tip the balance in favour of reform. As a rule, the only hope for a child of a priest was to go into the Church himself, thus unwillingly or with no great enthusiasm, taking vows which he might subsequently regret: the evil tended to perpetuate itself.” (History of Christianity, pgs 269-270)


In the summer of 1536, Pope Paul III appointed Cardinals Contarini and Cafara and a commission to study church Reform. The report of this commission, the Consilium de emendanda ecclesiae, was completed in March 1537.  The final paragraphs deal with the corruptions of Renaissance Rome itself:

“the swarm of sordid and ignorant priests in the city, the harlots who are followed around by clerics and by the noble members of the cardinals’ households …” 

“The immediate effects of the Consilium fell far below the hopes of its authors and its very frankness hampered its public use. … the more noticeably pious prelates [note: this the “noticeably pious” clergy] had no longer to tolerate the open cynicism of the Medicean period, and when moral lapses by clerics came to light, pains were now taken to hush them up as matters of grievous scandal.”
.G. Dickens, “The Counter Reformation,” pp. 100,102)
 
In the same candid spirit is the following statement of de Mézeray, the historiographer of France: [Abrege’ Chronol. VIII. 691, seqq. a Paris, 1681.] 

As the heads of the Church paid no regard to the maintenance of discipline, the vices and excesses of the ecclesiastics grew up to the highest pitch, and were so public and universally exposed as to excite against them the hatred and contempt of the people. We cannot repeat without a blush the usury, the avarice, the gluttony, the universal dissoluteness of the priests of this period, the licence and debauchery of the monks, the pride and extravagance of the prelates, and the shameful indolence, ignorance and superstition pervading the whole body .... These were not, I confess, new scandals: I should rather say that the barbarism and ignorance of preceding centuries, in some sort, concealed such vices; but,, on the subsequent revival of the light of learning, the spots which I have pointed out became more manifest, and as the unlearned who were corrupt could not endure the light through the pain which it caused to their eyes, so neither did the learned spare them, turning them to ridicule and delighting to expose their turpitude and to decry their superstitions.”

Bossuet* in the opening statements of his “Histoire des Variations,” admits the frightful corruptions of the Church for centuries before the Reformation; and he has been followed in our own times by Frederic von Schlegel [Philosophy of History, 400, 401, 410, Engl. Transl. 1847.] and Möhler. [Symbolik, II. 31, 32, Engl. Transl.]

While all of them are most anxious to prove that the Lutheran movement was revolutionary and subversive of the ancient faith, they are constrained to admit the universality of the abuses, which, in the language of Schlegel, “lay deep, and were ulcerated in their very roots.” Charles Hardwick A History of the Articles of Religion; 
http://www.anglicanbooksrevitalized.us/Oldies/Thirty-Nine/hardwick39.htm

► As regards the oft-quoted Mt. 16:18, note the bishops promise in the profession of faith of Vatican 1,

Likewise I accept Sacred Scripture according to that sense which Holy mother Church held and holds, since it is her right to judge of the true sense and interpretation of the holy scriptures; nor will I ever receive and interpret them except according to the unanimous consent of the fathers.http://mb-soft.com/believe/txs/firstvc.htm

Yet as the Dominican cardinal and Catholic theologian Yves Congar O.P. states,

Unanimous patristic consent as a reliable locus theologicus is classical in Catholic theology; it has often been declared such by the magisterium and its value in scriptural interpretation has been especially stressed. Application of the principle is difficult, at least at a certain level. In regard to individual texts of Scripture total patristic consensus is rare...One example: the interpretation of Peter’s confession in Matthew 16:16-18. Except at Rome, this passage was not applied by the Fathers to the papal primacy; they worked out an exegesis at the level of their own ecclesiological thought, more anthropological and spiritual than juridical. — Yves M.-J. Congar, O.P., p. 71

And Catholic archbishop Peter Richard Kenrick (1806-1896), while yet seeking to support Peter as the rock, stated that,

“If we are bound to follow the majority of the fathers in this thing, then we are bound to hold for certain that by the rock should be understood the faith professed by Peter, not Peter professing the faith.” — Speech of archbishop Kenrick, p. 109; An inside view of the vatican council, edited by Leonard Woolsey Bacon.
 
The   CCC itself allows the interpretation that, “On the rock of this faith confessed by St Peter, Christ build his Church,” (pt. 1, sec. 2, cp. 2, para. 424), for some of the ancients (for what their opinion is worth) provided for this or other interpretations.

• Ambrosiaster [who elsewhere upholds Peter as being the chief apostle to whom the Lord had entrusted the care of the Church, but not superior to Paul as an apostle except in time], Eph. 2:20:

Wherefore the Lord says to Peter: 'Upon this rock I shall build my Church,' that is, upon this confession of the catholic faith I shall establish the faithful in life. — Ambrosiaster, Commentaries on Galatians—Philemon, Eph. 2:20; Gerald L. Bray, p. 42


• Augustine, sermon:

"Christ, you see, built his Church not on a man but on Peter's confession. What is Peter's confession? 'You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.' There's the rock for you, there's the foundation, there's where the Church has been built, which the gates of the underworld cannot conquer.John Rotelle, O.S.A., Ed., The Works of Saint Augustine , © 1993 New City Press, Sermons, Vol III/6, Sermon 229P.1, p. 327 
 
Upon this rock, said the Lord, I will build my Church. Upon this confession, upon this that you said, 'You are the Christ, the Son of the living God,' I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not conquer her (Mt. 16:18). — John Rotelle, Ed., The Works of Saint Augustine (New Rochelle: New City, 1993) Sermons, Volume III/7, Sermon 236A.3, p. 48.

Augustine, sermon:

For petra (rock) is not derived from Peter, but Peter from petra; just as Christ is not called so from the Christian, but the Christian from Christ. For on this very account the Lord said, 'On this rock will I build my Church,' because Peter had said, 'Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God.' On this rock, therefore, He said, which thou hast confessed, I will build my Church. For the Rock (Petra) was Christ; and on this foundation was Peter himself built. For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Christ Jesus. The Church, therefore, which is founded in Christ received from Him the keys of the kingdom of heaven in the person of Peter, that is to say, the power of binding and loosing sins. For what the Church is essentially in Christ, such representatively is Peter in the rock (petra); and in this representation Christ is to be understood as the Rock, Peter as the Church. — Augustine Tractate CXXIV; Philip Schaff, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: First Series, Volume VII Tractate CXXIV (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf107.iii.cxxv.html)

Augustine, sermon:

And Peter, one speaking for the rest of them, one for all, said, You are the Christ, the Son of the living God (Mt 16:15-16)...And I tell you: you are Peter; because I am the rock, you are Rocky, Peter-I mean, rock doesn't come from Rocky, but Rocky from rock, just as Christ doesn't come from Christian, but Christian from Christ; and upon this rock I will build my Church (Mt 16:17-18); not upon Peter, or Rocky, which is what you are, but upon the rock which you have confessed. I will build my Church though; I will build you, because in this answer of yours you represent the Church. — John Rotelle, O.S.A. Ed., The Works of Saint Augustine (New Rochelle: New City Press, 1993), Sermons, Volume III/7, Sermon 270.2, p. 289

Augustine, sermon:

Peter had already said to him, 'You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.' He had already heard, 'Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jona, because flesh and blood did not reveal it to you, but my Father who is in heaven. And I tell you, that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of the underworld shall not conquer her' (Mt 16:16-18)...Christ himself was the rock, while Peter, Rocky, was only named from the rock. That's why the rock rose again, to make Peter solid and strong; because Peter would have perished, if the rock hadn't lived. — John Rotelle, Ed., The Works of Saint Augustine (New Rochelle: New City, 1993) Sermons, Volume III/7, Sermon 244.1, p. 95
 
Augustine, sermon:

...because on this rock, he said, I will build my Church, and the gates of the underworld shall not overcome it (Mt. 16:18). Now the rock was Christ (1 Cor. 10:4). Was it Paul that was crucified for you? Hold on to these texts, love these texts, repeat them in a fraternal and peaceful manner. — John Rotelle, Ed., The Works of Saint Augustine (New Rochelle: New City Press, 1995), Sermons, Volume III/10, Sermon 358.5, p. 193

Augustine, Psalm LXI:

Let us call to mind the Gospel: 'Upon this Rock I will build My Church.' Therefore She crieth from the ends of the earth, whom He hath willed to build upon a Rock. But in order that the Church might be builded upon the Rock, who was made the Rock? Hear Paul saying: 'But the Rock was Christ.' On Him therefore builded we have been. — Philip Schaff, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956), Volume VIII, Saint Augustin, Exposition on the Book of Psalms, Psalm LXI.3, p. 249. (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf108.ii.LXI.html)

• Augustine, in “Retractions,”

In a passage in this book, I said about the Apostle Peter: 'On him as on a rock the Church was built.'...But I know that very frequently at a later time, I so explained what the Lord said: 'Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church,' that it be understood as built upon Him whom Peter confessed saying: 'Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God,' and so Peter, called after this rock, represented the person of the Church which is built upon this rock, and has received 'the keys of the kingdom of heaven.' For, 'Thou art Peter' and not 'Thou art the rock' was said to him. But 'the rock was Christ,' in confessing whom, as also the whole Church confesses, Simon was called Peter. But let the reader decide which of these two opinions is the more probable. — The Fathers of the Church (Washington D.C., Catholic University, 1968), Saint Augustine, The Retractations Chapter 20.1:.

Basil of Seleucia, Oratio 25:

'You are Christ, Son of the living God.'...Now Christ called this confession a rock, and he named the one who confessed it 'Peter,' perceiving the appellation which was suitable to the author of this confession. For this is the solemn rock of religion, this the basis of salvation, this the wall of faith and the foundation of truth: 'For no other foundation can anyone lay than that which is laid, which is Christ Jesus.' To whom be glory and power forever. — Oratio XXV.4, M.P.G., Vol. 85, Col. 296-297.

Bede, Matthaei Evangelium Expositio, 3:

You are Peter and on this rock from which you have taken your name, that is, on myself, I will build my Church, upon that perfection of faith which you confessed I will build my Church by whose society of confession should anyone deviate although in himself he seems to do great things he does not belong to the building of my Church...Metaphorically it is said to him on this rock, that is, the Saviour which you confessed, the Church is to be built, who granted participation to the faithful confessor of his name. — 80Homily 23, M.P.L., Vol. 94, Col. 260. Cited by Karlfried Froehlich, Formen, Footnote #204, p. 156 [unable to verify by me].

• Cassiodorus, Psalm 45.5:

'It will not be moved' is said about the Church to which alone that promise has been given: 'You are Peter and upon this rock I shall build my Church and the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it.' For the Church cannot be moved because it is known to have been founded on that most solid rock, namely, Christ the Lord. — Expositions in the Psalms, Volume 1; Volume 51, Psalm 45.5, p. 455
 
Chrysostom (John) [who affirmed Peter was a rock, but here not the rock in Mt. 16:18]: 
 
Therefore He added this, 'And I say unto thee, Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church; that is, on the faith of his confession. — Chrysostom, Homilies on the Gospel of Saint Matthew, Homily LIIl; Philip Schaff, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf110.iii.LII.html)

Cyril of Alexandria:

When [Peter] wisely and blamelessly confessed his faith to Jesus saying, 'You are Christ, Son of the living God,' Jesus said to divine Peter: 'You are Peter and upon this rock I will build my Church.' Now by the word 'rock', Jesus indicated, I think, the immoveable faith of the disciple.”. — Cyril Commentary on Isaiah 4.2
 
Origen, Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew (Book XII):

“For a rock is every disciple of Christ of whom those drank who drank of the spiritual rock which followed them, 1 Corinthians 10:4 and upon every such rock is built every word of the church, and the polity in accordance with it; for in each of the perfect, who have the combination of words and deeds and thoughts which fill up the blessedness, is the church built by God.'

“For all bear the surname ‘rock’ who are the imitators of Christ, that is, of the spiritual rock which followed those who are being saved, that they may drink from it the spiritual draught. But these bear the surname of rock just as Christ does. But also as members of Christ deriving their surname from Him they are called Christians, and from the rock, Peters.” — Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew (Book XII), sect. 10,11 

Hilary of Potier, On the Trinity (Book II): Thus our one immovable foundation, our one blissful rock of faith, is the confession from Peter's mouth, Thou art the Son of the living God. On it we can base an answer to every objection with which perverted ingenuity or embittered treachery may assail the truth."-- (Hilary of Potier, On the Trinity (Book II), para 23; Philip Schaff, editor, The Nicene & Post Nicene Fathers Series 2, Vol 9.

Finally, while the historical evidence against the Roman Catholic papacy being part of the New Testment church is substantial, and is unsupported in Scripture, the fact is that history,Tradition and Scripture  only authoritatively mean what Rome says they mean. Thus faced with historical  challenge from Reformers, no  less a weighty RC scholar as Manning states, 

It was the charge of the Reformers that the Catholic doctrines were not primitive, and their pretension was to revert to antiquity. But the appeal to antiquity is both a treason and a heresy. It is a treason because it rejects the Divine voice of the Church at this hour, and a heresy because it denies that voice to be Divine...

I may say in strict truth that the Church has no antiquity. It rests upon its own supernatural and perpetual consciousness. Its past is present with it, for both are one to a mind which is immutable. Primitive and modern are predicates, not of truth, but of ourselves.
Most Rev. Dr. Henry Edward Cardinal Manning, Lord Archbishop of Westminster, The Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost: Or Reason and Revelation (New York: J.P. Kenedy & Sons, originally written 1865, pp. 227,28